What Causes Eczema? Understanding the Triggers and Management

June 19, 2025 2:08 pm

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes red, itchy, and inflamed skin. It can occur at any age, but it’s most commonly seen in children. The condition can range from mild to severe and can appear anywhere on the body. For some, it’s just a temporary irritation; for others, it’s a long-term condition that requires constant care.

While the exact cause of eczema isn’t fully understood, it’s believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Understanding these causes is important for managing the condition effectively. This blog will delve into what causes eczema, the common triggers, and how to prevent and manage flare-ups.

 

What Is Eczema?

Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, irritated skin that becomes red, itchy, and sometimes cracked or blistered. It often appears on the face, hands, feet, or inside the elbows and knees. For many people, eczema can be a lifelong condition, though some individuals may experience flare-ups at certain times in their life.

While the exact cause of eczema remains unknown, it is widely believed that it arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These causes disrupt the skin’s ability to retain moisture, leaving it vulnerable to irritation and inflammation.

 

Understanding the Skin and Eczema

The skin is your body’s largest organ and serves as a protective barrier against harmful external substances like bacteria, viruses, and irritants. It also helps retain moisture, preventing dehydration. In people with eczema, however, the skin’s barrier function is compromised, making it more susceptible to dryness and irritation.

Eczema causes the skin to become inflamed, resulting in symptoms such as redness, itching, and flakiness. When the skin’s barrier is weakened, moisture escapes, and irritants like allergens, chemicals, and environmental factors can penetrate the skin, causing an inflammatory response from the immune system.

The skin of someone with eczema may not be able to effectively protect itself, leading to more severe symptoms over time. Moisturizing regularly can help improve the skin’s ability to retain moisture and manage the condition.

 

Common Causes of Eczema

While eczema is not caused by a single factor, there are several known triggers that can make the condition worse. These causes can differ from person to person, but there are common patterns to be aware of.

1. Genetic Factors

Genetics plays a significant role in the development of eczema. If you have a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever, you’re more likely to develop eczema yourself. Research shows that certain genes are involved in the skin’s ability to maintain its protective barrier. For example, a defect in the gene responsible for producing filaggrin, a protein that helps maintain the skin’s barrier, is commonly found in people with eczema.

If your immune system is genetically prone to overreacting to allergens or irritants, your body may mistakenly treat harmless substances like dust or pollen as threats, leading to inflammation and the characteristic symptoms of eczema.

2. Environmental Factors

Environmental factors, such as weather changes, air pollution, and exposure to irritants, are common triggers for eczema. Dry, cold air can strip moisture from the skin, leading to dryness and irritation. On the other hand, hot and humid weather can make the skin sweat, which can worsen eczema symptoms.

Pollutants in the air, such as smoke, car exhaust, and industrial chemicals, can also exacerbate eczema. These irritants can trigger inflammation and make the skin more vulnerable to flare-ups. By avoiding exposure to these pollutants when possible, you can help reduce the likelihood of eczema flare-ups.

3. Allergens and Irritants

Allergens are substances that can cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. Common allergens such as pet dander, dust mites, and mold are common triggers for eczema. Many people with eczema also have sensitivities to certain foods, such as dairy, eggs, peanuts, or soy. Identifying and avoiding these food triggers is an important part of managing eczema.

Irritants like harsh soaps, fragrances, and household cleaners can also trigger eczema. These irritants strip the skin of its natural oils, leaving it vulnerable to irritation. It’s important to use gentle, fragrance-free products on the skin and avoid harsh cleaning chemicals that may cause flare-ups.

4. Immune System Response

Eczema is often linked to an overactive immune system. The immune system’s job is to protect the body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. However, in individuals with eczema, the immune system may overreact to harmless substances, triggering inflammation and irritation in the skin.

In people with eczema, the immune system produces excessive amounts of certain chemicals, like histamine, which lead to the inflammation and itching seen in eczema. Stress, hormonal changes, and other environmental factors can also influence the immune response and contribute to eczema flare-ups.

 

How Lifestyle and Diet Impact Eczema

In addition to genetic and environmental factors, lifestyle choices and diet can play a significant role in eczema management. Making the right lifestyle adjustments can help prevent flare-ups and reduce the severity of symptoms.

Diet and Eczema

Certain foods can trigger eczema flare-ups, especially in children. Dairy products, eggs, soy, and nuts are common culprits. However, the specific foods that trigger eczema can vary from person to person. If you suspect that certain foods are affecting your eczema, keeping a food diary and working with a doctor or dietitian to identify triggers may be helpful.

On the other hand, a diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods may help reduce the severity of eczema. Foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and seeds, can help reduce inflammation in the body. Probiotics, found in foods like yogurt and fermented products, may also support gut health, which in turn can improve eczema symptoms.

Stress and Eczema

Stress is a major trigger for many people with eczema. When you’re stressed, your body produces hormones like cortisol that can affect your skin, leading to increased inflammation and irritation. Managing stress is essential in controlling eczema flare-ups. Techniques like deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or regular physical activity can help keep stress levels under control and may help reduce eczema symptoms.

 

Environmental Triggers for Eczema

Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to chemicals can worsen eczema symptoms. Understanding these triggers can help you take steps to minimize their impact on your skin.

1. Dry Weather

Cold, dry air is a major environmental trigger for eczema. During the winter months, the air tends to be drier, which can lead to dry, cracked skin. To combat this, it’s important to keep your skin well-moisturized and use a humidifier in your home to maintain adequate moisture levels in the air. Wearing protective clothing like gloves and scarves can also help prevent your skin from drying out in cold weather.

2. Humidity

Humidity can also be problematic for eczema. In hot, humid weather, the skin may sweat, which can lead to itching and discomfort. To manage eczema in humid conditions, it’s important to wear lightweight, breathable clothing and avoid overheating. Showering promptly after sweating can help cleanse the skin and reduce irritation.

3. Chemicals and Pollutants

Exposure to chemicals in cleaning products, detergents, and cosmetics can irritate the skin and lead to eczema flare-ups. Opt for fragrance-free, hypoallergenic products to minimize irritation. Additionally, avoid exposure to pollutants such as tobacco smoke, car exhaust, and other environmental toxins, as they can trigger eczema and other skin conditions.

 

How to Manage and Prevent Eczema Flare-Ups

While eczema can’t be cured, it can be managed with the right treatments and lifestyle adjustments. Here are some tips for managing and preventing flare-ups:

• Regular Moisturizing: Keeping your skin hydrated is crucial in preventing eczema flare-ups. Use fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturizers to lock in moisture. 
• Avoid Triggers: Identify and avoid your specific eczema triggers, whether they be allergens, irritants, or certain foods. 
• Gentle Skin Care: Use mild, fragrance-free soaps and avoid scrubbing your skin too harshly. Pat your skin dry with a towel instead of rubbing it. 
• Stress Management: Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga to keep your stress levels in check. 
• Dietary Adjustments: Consider eliminating known food triggers from your diet and adding more anti-inflammatory foods.

 

FAQs About Eczema

1. What are the common symptoms of eczema?

The most common symptoms of eczema include dry, itchy skin, redness, swelling, and inflammation. In some cases, blisters may form and ooze, while in others, the skin may become thickened or cracked. The affected areas are often on the face, elbows, knees, and hands.

2. Is eczema contagious?

No, eczema is not contagious. It cannot be passed from person to person through direct contact. It is a chronic condition influenced by genetics and environmental factors, not by bacteria or viruses.

3. What causes eczema flare-ups?

Eczema flare-ups are typically triggered by environmental factors such as dry skin, allergens (like pet dander or pollen), irritants (such as soaps or detergents), stress, or changes in weather. Identifying personal triggers can help in managing the condition effectively.

4. How can I treat eczema at home?

At-home treatments for eczema include moisturizing regularly with fragrance-free creams, using mild soaps and detergents, avoiding known irritants, and taking lukewarm baths with gentle, non-drying cleansers. Over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams can also help relieve itching and inflammation.

5. Are there prescription treatments for eczema?

Yes, if over-the-counter treatments aren’t effective, a healthcare provider may prescribe stronger medications like topical steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or biologic drugs. These treatments help reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and prevent flare-ups.

6. Can eczema be cured?

Currently, there is no permanent cure for eczema. However, the condition can often be managed with the right treatment plan. Proper skincare, avoiding triggers, and following a prescribed treatment regimen can significantly reduce flare-ups and improve quality of life.

7. What lifestyle changes can help manage eczema?

Managing eczema involves lifestyle changes like reducing stress through relaxation techniques, maintaining a consistent skincare routine with gentle products, and avoiding triggers such as certain foods, chemicals, or environmental conditions like dry air or extreme heat.

8. Can diet affect eczema symptoms?

Yes, certain foods can trigger eczema flare-ups in some individuals. Common food triggers include dairy, eggs, nuts, and soy. Keeping a food diary and working with a healthcare provider or dietitian can help identify and eliminate any food-related triggers from your diet.

9. Can eczema be linked to other health conditions?

Eczema is often associated with other conditions like asthma, hay fever, or allergic rhinitis. People with eczema are more likely to have a history of allergies, and their immune system may be more sensitive to environmental triggers.

10. How can I prevent eczema flare-ups?

Preventing eczema flare-ups involves avoiding known triggers, moisturizing regularly, using gentle skincare products, and managing stress levels. It’s also important to keep your environment moisturized and avoid extreme temperatures that can irritate the skin.

 

Living with Eczema

Eczema can be a frustrating and challenging condition, but with the right care and understanding, it is possible to manage. By knowing the common causes and triggers of eczema, you can take proactive steps to reduce flare-ups and protect your skin. If you have eczema, working with a healthcare professional to create a personalized treatment plan will help you manage symptoms and improve your quality of life.

Whether it’s through lifestyle changes, diet adjustments, or proper skincare, living with eczema doesn’t have to feel overwhelming. With the right approach, you can find relief and lead a comfortable, healthy life.